{"id":485,"date":"2025-05-19T11:37:46","date_gmt":"2025-05-19T11:37:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/?p=485"},"modified":"2025-05-20T12:56:49","modified_gmt":"2025-05-20T12:56:49","slug":"error-handling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/python\/error-handling\/","title":{"rendered":"Error Handling"},"content":{"rendered":"

Try, Except, Else, Finally
\n<\/span><\/h2>\n

What Is Exception Handling?<\/h3>\n

In Python, exceptions occur when an error disrupts the normal flow of a program (like dividing by zero or opening a non-existent file). Instead of crashing, you can catch and handle these errors using try and except.<\/p>\n

Basic Syntax<\/strong><\/p>\n

try:<\/em>
\n# Code that might raise an exception<\/em>
\nexcept ExceptionType:<\/em>
\n# Code that runs if an exception occurs<\/em>
\nelse:<\/em>
\n# Code that runs if no exception occurs<\/em>
\nfinally:<\/em>
\n# Code that always runs (no matter what)<\/em><\/p>\n

try Block<\/strong><\/p>\n

The try block wraps code that might raise an error.<\/p>\n

try:<\/em>
\nresult = 10 \/ 0<\/em><\/p>\n

except Block<\/strong><\/p>\n

Catches and handles the error. You can catch specific errors or use a generic except.<\/p>\n

except ZeroDivisionError:<\/em>
\nprint(“You can’t divide by zero.”)<\/em><\/p>\n

Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n

try:<\/em>
\nnum = int(input(“Enter a number: “))<\/em>
\nprint(100 \/ num)<\/em>
\nexcept ValueError:<\/em>
\nprint(“That’s not a number.”)<\/em>
\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:<\/em>
\nprint(“Can’t divide by zero.”)<\/em><\/p>\n

else Block<\/strong><\/p>\n

Runs only if no exception was raised in the try block.<\/p>\n

try:<\/em>
\nresult = 10 \/ 2<\/em>
\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:<\/em>
\nprint(“Math error.”)<\/em>
\nelse:<\/em>
\nprint(“Division successful:”, result)<\/em><\/p>\n

finally Block<\/strong><\/p>\n

Runs no matter what \u2014 whether an exception occurred or not. Great for cleanup code like closing files or releasing resources.<\/p>\n

try:<\/em>
\nf = open(“data.txt”)<\/em>
\ndata = f.read()<\/em>
\nexcept FileNotFoundError:<\/em>
\nprint(“File not found.”)<\/em>
\nfinally:<\/em>
\nprint(“Done attempting file operation.”)<\/em>
\nif ‘f’ in locals():<\/em>
\nf.close()<\/em><\/p>\n

Catching Multiple Exceptions<\/strong><\/p>\n

try:<\/em>
\n# code<\/em>
\nexcept (TypeError, ValueError):<\/em>
\nprint(“Type or Value error occurred.”)<\/em><\/p>\n

Catching Any Exception (Not Always Recommended)<\/strong><\/p>\n

try:<\/em>
\n# risky code<\/em>
\nexcept Exception as e:<\/em>
\nprint(“An error occurred:”, e)<\/em><\/p>\n

Use this only when you want to log or handle all errors generically \u2014 it can hide bugs if misused.<\/p>\n

Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Block<\/th>\nPurpose<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
try<\/code><\/td>\nCode that might raise an exception<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
except<\/code><\/td>\nHandles specific exceptions (errors)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
else<\/code><\/td>\nRuns only if no exceptions occurred<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
finally<\/code><\/td>\nAlways executes (for cleanup actions)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Common exception types<\/h2>\n

Common Exception Types in Python<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. SyntaxError<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Raised when the parser encounters a syntax mistake.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    if True print(“Hello”) # Missing colon<\/em><\/p>\n

    2. NameError<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Raised when a variable or function name is not defined.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      print(age) # if `age` is not defined<\/em><\/p>\n

      3. TypeError<\/h3>\n
        \n
      • Raised when an operation or function is applied to the wrong data type.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        print(“Age: ” + 25) # Mixing str and int<\/em><\/p>\n

        4. ValueError<\/h3>\n
          \n
        • Raised when a function gets the right type, but an inappropriate value.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          int(“abc”) # Can’t convert string to integer<\/em><\/p>\n

          5. IndexError<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • Raised when trying to access an invalid index in a list or string.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            numbers = [1, 2, 3]<\/em>
            \nprint(numbers[5])<\/em><\/p>\n

            6. KeyError<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • Raised when a key is not found in a dictionary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              info = {“name”: “Alice”}<\/em>
              \nprint(info[“age”]) # ‘age’ doesn’t exist<\/em><\/p>\n

              7. AttributeError<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • Raised when a variable doesn\u2019t have a referenced method or attribute.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                x = 10<\/em>
                \nx.append(5) # int doesn’t have append()<\/em><\/p>\n

                8. ZeroDivisionError<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • Raised when dividing by zero.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  print(5 \/ 0)<\/em><\/p>\n

                  9. ImportError \/ ModuleNotFoundError<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  • Raised when an import fails or the module is missing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    import non_existent_module<\/em><\/p>\n

                    10. FileNotFoundError<\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    • Raised when a file operation fails due to a missing file.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      open(“missing_file.txt”)<\/em><\/p>\n

                      11. IOError \/ OSError<\/h3>\n
                        \n
                      • General input\/output errors (file read\/write, permissions, etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        with open(“\/protected\/file.txt”, “r”) as f:<\/em>
                        \n…<\/em><\/p>\n

                        12. IndentationError<\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        • Raised when there\u2019s a problem with indentation levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          def say_hi():<\/em>
                          \nprint(“Hello”) # not indented correctly<\/em><\/p>\n

                          13. RuntimeError<\/h3>\n
                            \n
                          • A generic error when no other exception type applies but something unexpected goes wrong.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            14. StopIteration<\/h3>\n
                              \n
                            • Raised by iterators when there are no more items.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              it = iter([1, 2])<\/em>
                              \nnext(it)<\/em>
                              \nnext(it)<\/em>
                              \nnext(it) # raises StopIteration<\/em><\/p>\n

                              15. AssertionError<\/h3>\n
                                \n
                              • Raised when an assert statement fails.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                assert 2 + 2 == 5, “Math is broken!”<\/em><\/p>\n

                                Tips for Handling<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • Catch specific exceptions to avoid hiding bugs.<\/li>\n
                                • Use try-except-else-finally for clear, safe error handling.<\/li>\n
                                • Use Exception class to handle unexpected errors only when needed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  Custom exceptions<\/h2>\n

                                  What Are Custom Exceptions?<\/h3>\n

                                  Python allows you to create your own exception classes, giving you more control and clarity when things go wrong in your programs \u2014 especially in larger applications or libraries.<\/p>\n

                                  Rather than relying solely on built-in exceptions like ValueError or TypeError, you can define custom exceptions tailored to your specific logic or business rules.<\/p>\n

                                  Defining a Custom Exception<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  To create one, define a new class that inherits from Exception or a subclass of it:<\/p>\n

                                  class MyCustomError(Exception):<\/em>
                                  \n“””A custom exception for specific application logic.”””<\/em>
                                  \npass<\/em><\/p>\n

                                  Example:<\/strong> Using a Custom Exception<\/p>\n

                                  class NegativeAgeError(Exception):<\/em>
                                  \n“””Raised when a negative age is provided.”””<\/em>
                                  \ndef __init__(self, age):<\/em>
                                  \nsuper().__init__(f”Invalid age: {age}. Age cannot be negative.”)<\/em><\/p>\n

                                  def set_age(age):<\/em>
                                  \nif age < 0:<\/em>
                                  \nraise NegativeAgeError(age)<\/em>
                                  \nprint(f”Age set to {age}”)<\/em><\/p>\n

                                  set_age(-5)<\/em><\/p>\n

                                  Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  Traceback (most recent call last):<\/em>
                                  \n…<\/em>
                                  \nNegativeAgeError: Invalid age: -5. Age cannot be negative.<\/em><\/p>\n

                                  Why Use Custom Exceptions?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • More meaningful error messages.<\/li>\n
                                  • Easier to handle specific problems in try\/except blocks.<\/li>\n
                                  • Cleaner error management in larger or shared codebases.<\/li>\n
                                  • Enables domain-specific logic (e.g., InsufficientBalance, InvalidConfiguration, etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    Custom Exception Hierarchy (Optional)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    You can create a base exception class for your application and then extend it:<\/p>\n

                                    class AppError(Exception):<\/em>
                                    \n“””Base class for all custom exceptions in the app.”””<\/em>
                                    \npass<\/em><\/p>\n

                                    class InvalidInputError(AppError):<\/em>
                                    \npass<\/em><\/p>\n

                                    class DataNotFoundError(AppError):<\/em>
                                    \npass<\/em><\/p>\n

                                    This way, you can catch all related errors at once:<\/p>\n

                                    try:<\/em>
                                    \n# risky operation<\/em>
                                    \nraise InvalidInputError(“Bad data format”)<\/em>
                                    \nexcept AppError as e:<\/em>
                                    \nprint(“Application error:”, e)<\/em><\/p>\n

                                    Best Practices<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Inherit from Exception, not BaseException.<\/li>\n
                                    • Provide clear docstrings and custom messages.<\/li>\n
                                    • Use exception names that describe the problem (e.g., EmailFormatError).<\/li>\n
                                    • Consider organizing exceptions in a separate module for larger projects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                      Feature<\/strong><\/th>\nDescription<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                      Purpose<\/td>\nHandle application-specific errors with clear semantics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      How to define<\/td>\nclass CustomError(Exception): pass<\/code>
                                      \nor subclass another built-in exception<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Benefits<\/td>\nImproved code clarity, better error categorization, and more precise error handling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Example use cases<\/td>\nNegativeAgeError<\/code>,
                                      \nInvalidEmailError<\/code>,
                                      \nPermissionDeniedError<\/code>,
                                      \nOutOfStockError<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                      Try, Except, Else, Finally What Is Exception Handling? In Python, exceptions occur when an error disrupts the normal flow of a program (like dividing by zero or opening a non-existent file). Instead of crashing, you can catch and handle these errors using try and except.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":486,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python"],"yoast_head":"\nError Handling - Python Course<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Error handling in Python allows you to detect, manage, and respond to runtime issues gracefully using try, except, else, and finally blocks.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/python\/error-handling\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Error Handling - 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