{"id":488,"date":"2025-05-19T11:36:50","date_gmt":"2025-05-19T11:36:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/?p=488"},"modified":"2026-06-06T11:48:30","modified_gmt":"2026-06-06T11:48:30","slug":"object-oriented-programming-oop","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/python\/object-oriented-programming-oop\/","title":{"rendered":"Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Classes and objects<\/h2>\n<p><strong>What Are Classes and Objects?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A class is a blueprint for creating objects \u2014 a way to bundle data and functionality together. For a broader overview, see <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/introduction-to-oop\/\" title=\"Introduction to OOP\">Introduction to OOP<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>An object is an instance of a class, representing a specific implementation of that blueprint. You\u2019ll see these ideas in practice as you explore <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/classes-and-objects\/\" title=\"Classes and Objects\">Classes and Objects<\/a> in more depth.<\/p>\n<h3>Defining a Class<\/h3>\n<p>Defining a class creates a blueprint that can be used to instantiate objects. See more about this concept in <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/classes-and-objects\/\" title=\"Classes and Objects\">Classes and Objects<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>class Dog:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>def __init__(self, name, breed):<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.name = name # attribute<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.breed = breed # attribute<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>def bark(self): # method<\/em><br \/>\n<em>print(f&#8221;{self.name} says woof!&#8221;)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Parts:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>__init: a constructor that runs when an object is created.<\/li>\n<li>self: refers to the current object instance.<\/li>\n<li>name and breed: attributes of the object.<\/li>\n<li>bark: a method, a function that belongs to the class. See <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/advanced-oop-concepts\/\" title=\"Advanced OOP Concepts\">Advanced OOP Concepts<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Creating Objects (Instances)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>dog1 = Dog(&#8220;Buddy&#8221;, &#8220;Labrador&#8221;)<\/em><br \/>\n<em>dog2 = Dog(&#8220;Coco&#8221;, &#8220;Poodle&#8221;)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>dog1.bark() # Buddy says woof!<\/em><br \/>\n<em>dog2.bark() # Coco says woof!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Each object has its own state (data) and can use the class\u2019s methods. For a broader context on encapsulation and how state is managed, see <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/encapsulation\/\" title=\"Encapsulation\">Encapsulation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Accessing and Modifying Attributes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>print(dog1.name) # Buddy<\/em><br \/>\n<em>dog1.name = &#8220;Max&#8221;<\/em><br \/>\n<em>print(dog1.name) # Max<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Why Use Classes?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Encapsulation: bundle data + behavior.<\/li>\n<li>Reusability: define once, create many objects.<\/li>\n<li>Organization: keeps code clean and modular.<\/li>\n<li>Extensibility: easy to expand with new methods or attributes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For a deeper look at extensibility and how classes can be extended, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/inheritance\/\" title=\"Inheritance\">Inheritance<\/a> lesson.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example with Behavior<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>class BankAccount:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>def __init__(self, owner, balance=0):<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.owner = owner<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.balance = balance<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>def deposit(self, amount):<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.balance += amount<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>def withdraw(self, amount):<\/em><br \/>\n<em>if amount &lt;= self.balance:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.balance -= amount<\/em><br \/>\n<em>else:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>print(&#8220;Insufficient funds&#8221;)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>account = BankAccount(&#8220;Alice&#8221;, 100)<\/em><br \/>\n<em>account.deposit(50)<\/em><br \/>\n<em>account.withdraw(30)<\/em><br \/>\n<em>print(account.balance) # 120<\/em><\/p>\n<p>For real-world applications of object-oriented patterns, see <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/practical-applications-and-project\/\" title=\"Practical Applications and Project\">Practical Applications and Project<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2\">\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;text-align: left\"><strong>Concept<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;text-align: left\"><strong>Explanation<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px\"><code>Class<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px\">A template that defines the structure and behavior of objects (instances)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px\"><code>Object<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px\">A concrete instance created from a class, with its own data and behavior<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px\"><code>Attributes<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px\">Variables that store object state (defined in <code>__init__<\/code> as <code>self.attribute<\/code>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px\"><code>Methods<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px\">Functions defined within a class that operate on object data (always take <code>self<\/code> parameter)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px\"><code>__init__()<\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px\">Constructor method that initializes new objects (automatically called when creating instances)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Constructors (__init__)<\/h2>\n<h3>What Is a Constructor?<\/h3>\n<p>A constructor is a special method in a class that&#8217;s automatically called when a new object (instance) is created. If you want a broader explanation of OOP concepts, see <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/introduction-to-oop\/\" title=\"Introduction to OOP\">Introduction to OOP<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In Python, this constructor method is named __init__().<\/p>\n<p><strong>Purpose of __init__()<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To initialize attributes (variables) of a new object.<\/li>\n<li>To ensure each object starts in a well-defined state.<\/li>\n<li>To optionally accept arguments during object creation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Basic Syntax<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>class Person:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>def __init__(self, name, age): # Constructor<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.name = name<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.age = age<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>self: Refers to the current instance.<\/li>\n<li>name, age: Parameters used to set object-specific data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Creating an Object<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>p1 = Person(&#8220;Alice&#8221;, 30)<\/em><br \/>\n<em>print(p1.name) # Alice<\/em><br \/>\n<em>print(p1.age) # 30<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>When Person(&#8220;Alice&#8221;, 30) is called:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Python creates a new Person object.<\/li>\n<li>Calls __init__() with name=&#8220;Alice&#8221; and age=30.<\/li>\n<li>Sets self.name and self.age.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Default Values<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>You can set default values for parameters:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>class Person:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>def __init__(self, name=&#8221;Unknown&#8221;, age=0):<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.name = name<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.age = age<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Now you can call Person() with no arguments:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>p2 = Person()<\/em><br \/>\n<em>print(p2.name, p2.age) # Unknown 0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Points to Remember<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;font-family: Arial, sans-serif\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2\">\n<th style=\"padding: 10px;text-align: left;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">Feature<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 10px;text-align: left;border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd\">Description<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\"><code><strong>Special method<\/strong><\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\"><code>__init__<\/code> is automatically called when creating a new object instance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\"><code><strong>Self parameter<\/strong><\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\">Refers to the current object instance (must be first parameter in method definition)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\"><code><strong>Initialization<\/strong><\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\">Primary purpose is to initialize the object&#8217;s attributes and state<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\"><code><strong>Default values<\/strong><\/code><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd\">Parameters can have default values to make them optional during instantiation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px\"><strong><code>Not mandatory<\/code><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px\">Can be omitted if no initialization logic is required (Python provides default)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>To learn more about constructors and how they interact with subclassing, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/inheritance\/\" title=\"Inheritance\">Inheritance<\/a> lesson.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Without __init__<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>class Empty:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>pass<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>e = Empty()<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This still works \u2014 but the object won\u2019t have any initialized attributes unless added manually.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>__init__ is Python\u2019s constructor method, used to initialize object attributes.<\/li>\n<li>It runs automatically when an object is created.<\/li>\n<li>It makes your classes more flexible, dynamic, and useful.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For a broader look at constructors and class design in real projects, consult the <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/practical-applications-and-project\/\" title=\"Practical Applications and Project\">Practical Applications and Project<\/a> lesson.<\/p>\n<h2>Instance and class variables<\/h2>\n<p><strong>What Are Instance and Class Variables?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Instance Variables are variables that are specific to each instance (object) of a class.<\/p>\n<p>Class Variables are variables that are shared across all instances of the class. These are stored at the class level and have the same value for every object of the class.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Instance Variables<\/h3>\n<p><strong>What Are They?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Instance variables are unique to each object. Every time a new object is created, it can have its own values for instance variables.<\/li>\n<li>They are typically initialized inside the __init__() constructor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Learn how Encapsulation helps manage access to these variables and protect object state in our <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/encapsulation\/\" title=\"Encapsulation\">Encapsulation<\/a> lesson.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>class Dog:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>def __init__(self, name, age):<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.name = name # instance variable<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.age = age # instance variable<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>dog1 = Dog(&#8220;Buddy&#8221;, 3)<\/em><br \/>\n<em>dog2 = Dog(&#8220;Bella&#8221;, 5)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>print(dog1.name) # Buddy<\/em><br \/>\n<em>print(dog2.name) # Bella<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In this case, name and age are instance variables because each dog object can have different values for these attributes.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Class Variables<\/h3>\n<p><strong>What Are They?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Class variables are shared across all instances of the class.<\/li>\n<li>They are typically defined inside the class but outside of any methods.<\/li>\n<li>Class variables are often used for properties that should be common to all objects, such as a constant or counter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Example<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>class Dog:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>species = &#8220;Canine&#8221; # class variable<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>def __init__(self, name, age):<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.name = name # instance variable<\/em><br \/>\n<em>self.age = age # instance variable<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>dog1 = Dog(&#8220;Buddy&#8221;, 3)<\/em><br \/>\n<em>dog2 = Dog(&#8220;Bella&#8221;, 5)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>print(dog1.species) # Canine<\/em><br \/>\n<em>print(dog2.species) # Canine<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em># Changing class variable for the class<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Dog.species = &#8220;Dog&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>print(dog1.species) # Dog<\/em><br \/>\n<em>print(dog2.species) # Dog<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Warning:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Modifying a class variable using an instance (e.g., dog1.species = &#8220;New species&#8221;) will create an instance variable with that name, effectively shadowing the class variable.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Instance Variables: Unique to each object; defined inside the __init__() method using self.<\/li>\n<li>Class Variables: Shared by all objects of the class; defined directly in the class body.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For a deeper understanding of how class variables interact with inheritance and runtime behavior, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/advanced-oop-concepts\/\" title=\"Advanced OOP Concepts\">Advanced OOP Concepts<\/a> lesson.<\/p>\n<h2>Inheritance and polymorphism<\/h2>\n<h3>What Is Inheritance?<\/h3>\n<p>Inheritance is a way to allow a new class (child class) to inherit attributes and methods from an existing class (parent class). This promotes code reuse and allows for creating more specialized classes based on general ones.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Concepts:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Parent Class (or Base Class): The class being inherited from.<\/li>\n<li>Child Class (or Derived Class): The class that inherits from the parent class.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Example of Inheritance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em># Par<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Inheritance enables you to create specialized classes that reuse the code in a common base class. This pattern is often paired with polymorphism to allow different child classes to be treated the same way through a shared interface. For a deeper dive, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/inheritance\/\" title=\"Inheritance\">Inheritance<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/buhave.com\/courses\/oop\/polymorphism\/\" title=\"Polymorphism\">Polymorphism<\/a> lessons.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Classes and objects What Are Classes and Objects? A class is a blueprint for creating objects \u2014 a way to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":489,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-488","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - 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