Client-side vs. server-side caching Caching is a technique used to store copies of files or data in locations that are closer to the user, which can help reduce load times and improve performance. Both client-side and server-side caching have distinct uses and advantages. Client-Side Caching Client-side caching refers to storing data in the user’s browser … Read more
Event-driven architecture Overview Event-Driven Architecture (EDA) is a software design pattern in which components communicate by emitting and responding to events, enabling asynchronous interactions and loose coupling between services. Core Concepts Event: A signal that something has happened within a system, such as “user_signed_up” or “item_added_to_cart”. Producer: The service or component that generates and emits … Read more
Designing URL shorteners, file storage, newsfeeds, etc. Designing a URL Shortener Use Case: A URL shortener service converts long URLs into short aliases to make sharing easier and track usage. Core Features: Short link generation Redirection to original URLs Analytics tracking (clicks, sources) Design Considerations: Use of base62 or hash functions to generate short IDs … Read more
Authentication and Authorization Authentication The process of verifying the identity of a user or system. Username and password authentication Multi-factor authentication (MFA) Biometric authentication (fingerprint, facial recognition) OAuth and SSO (Single Sign-On) systems Authorization The process of granting or denying access to resources based on verified identities. Role-based access control (RBAC) Attribute-based access control (ABAC) … Read more
Communication and requirement gathering Definition: Communication and requirement gathering are foundational phases in any software or system design process, where stakeholders, developers, and designers collaborate to identify what the system should achieve. Why It Matters: Ensures alignment between stakeholders and development teams. Helps avoid misunderstandings and scope creep. Sets a clear direction for the design … Read more
What is React and why use it What is React? Definition: React is a free and open-source JavaScript library developed by Facebook for building user interfaces, especially single-page applications (SPAs), where data changes frequently over time. Core Concept: React allows developers to create large web applications that can update and render efficiently in response to … Read more
Functional components and props Functional components are the most common and modern way to build UI in React. They are simple JavaScript functions that return JSX and describe what the UI should look like. Props, short for “properties,” allow data to be passed from a parent component to a child component, making components dynamic and … Read more
Introduction to React Hooks React Hooks are functions that let you use state and other React features in functional components. They were introduced to simplify component logic and eliminate the need for class-based components in most cases. Why Hooks Were Introduced Before Hooks, state and lifecycle features were only available in class components. Hooks allow … Read more
Controlled vs uncontrolled components Controlled and uncontrolled components are two approaches to handling form inputs and user data in React. Understanding their differences is key to managing form state effectively and building predictable user interfaces. What Are Controlled Components Controlled components have their form data managed by React state. The component’s input values are set … Read more
Installing and configuring React Router React Router is a popular library for managing navigation and routing in React applications. It enables developers to create single-page applications (SPAs) with multiple views and URL-based navigation. Installing React Router To start using React Router, you need to install it via npm or yarn. The core package for web … Read more
Lifting State up Lifting state up in React refers to the practice of moving shared state to the closest common ancestor of components that need to access or modify that state. It allows sibling components to communicate and remain synchronized through a shared parent. Why Lift State Up State is often local to a component, … Read more
Fetching data using fetch and Axios Data fetching is a core part of building dynamic web applications. In React, two common approaches for making HTTP requests are the native fetch API and the third-party library Axios. Both allow you to retrieve data from external sources like APIs and integrate it into your application. Using the … Read more
Code splitting with React.lazy and Suspense Code splitting is a performance optimization technique that breaks your React application into smaller bundles, loading only the code needed for the current view. This improves initial load times and overall app responsiveness. What Is React.lazy React.lazy is a built-in React function that enables dynamic import of components. It … Read more
Building React apps for production Building React apps for production involves optimizing performance, reducing bundle size, and preparing your app for deployment using tools and configurations that ensure fast, efficient, and secure delivery to users. Key Steps in Production Builds Use npm run build or yarn build to generate an optimized build Minify and compress … Read more
Unit testing with Jest Unit testing with Jest in React involves testing individual components or functions in isolation to ensure they work as expected. Jest is a popular JavaScript testing framework developed by Meta, and it’s commonly used with React for its simplicity, speed, and powerful features. What Is Jest Jest is a zero-configuration testing … Read more
Defining and Creating Classes In Object-Oriented Programming, classes serve as templates for creating objects. They define the structure and behavior that objects will have through properties and methods. Defining a Class A class is defined using a specific syntax in programming languages like Python, Java, or C++ It typically includes a constructor method to initialize … Read more
What is Object-Oriented Programming? What is Object-Oriented Programming? Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of “objects,” which contain data and behavior. It helps structure code into reusable and organized components that mirror real-world entities. Core Concepts of OOP Class: A blueprint for creating objects that defines properties and methods Object: … Read more
Access modifiers (public, private, protected) Access modifiers in Object-Oriented Programming control the visibility and accessibility of class members (fields and methods), helping to enforce encapsulation and protect data integrity. Public Members declared as public are accessible from anywhere in the program They can be accessed by other classes, subclasses, and even outside the package or … Read more
Concept of inheritance Inheritance is a core concept in Object-Oriented Programming that allows one class (called the child or subclass) to acquire the properties and behaviors (fields and methods) of another class (called the parent or superclass). It promotes code reuse, hierarchy, and a clear organizational structure in complex software systems. Key Idea of Inheritance … Read more
Static (compile-time) vs dynamic (run-time) polymorphism Polymorphism is an essential concept in object-oriented programming that allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class rather than their actual class. It enables a single interface to represent different types of behaviors. Polymorphism is categorized into static and dynamic based on when the method to … Read more
Abstract classes and Methods Abstract classes and methods are core components of object-oriented programming used to enforce abstraction and design consistency. They define a base structure for other classes while deferring specific implementations to derived classes. What is an Abstract Class An abstract class cannot be instantiated directly It may contain both abstract methods (without … Read more
“Has-a” vs “Is-a” Relationships In object-oriented programming, understanding the difference between “Has-a” and “Is-a” relationships is essential for designing effective class hierarchies and object models. These relationships define how classes and objects relate to each other and help clarify ownership, inheritance, and composition. Is-a Relationship The “Is-a” relationship represents inheritance between classes It means one … Read more
Static members and methods Static members and methods are class-level properties and functions that belong to the class itself rather than to any individual instance of the class. They are widely used in object-oriented programming to represent data or behavior that is common to all instances or that does not rely on instance-specific data. Static … Read more
SOLID principles SOLID is an acronym representing five core design principles in object-oriented programming that help developers create software that is easy to maintain, extend, and understand. These principles guide the design of classes and modules to improve code quality and promote best practices for scalable and flexible applications. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) Every class … Read more
Applying OOP in real-world applications Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) provides a powerful way to structure software based on real-world entities. It uses concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism to build modular, scalable, and reusable applications. OOP is widely used across various domains such as web development, desktop applications, mobile apps, game development, and enterprise … Read more
Understanding the Interview Process Here is the Detail of Understanding the Interview Process The interview process is a structured sequence of steps used by organizations to evaluate and select the most suitable candidates for a job role. Understanding this process helps applicants prepare effectively and improve their chances of success. While the specifics may vary … Read more
Identifying Your Core Strengths and Skills Recognizing your core strengths and skills is essential for building confidence, crafting a compelling resume, and communicating your value during interviews. It helps you focus your job search, align with roles that fit your capabilities, and present yourself more effectively to potential employers. Self-Reflection and Feedback Start by analyzing … Read more
How to Analyze a Job Description Analyzing a job description is a critical step in tailoring your application materials and preparing for interviews. It helps you understand the employer’s expectations and determine if the role aligns with your qualifications and career goals. Read the Entire Description Carefully Begin by reading the full job description from … Read more
Tell Me About Yourself “Tell me about yourself” is often the first question in an interview, and it sets the tone for the entire conversation. A strong answer should provide a concise, professional summary of your background, skills, and goals that align with the role you’re applying for. Structure Your Response Clearly Start with a … Read more
How to Prepare for Technical/Case Interviews Preparing for technical or case interviews involves both mastering the content and practicing problem-solving techniques under pressure. A strategic approach can help you perform confidently and accurately during these high-stakes assessments. Understand the Interview Format Research whether the interview is whiteboard-based, coding on a platform, or case-analysis with a … Read more