What is the DOM? DOM Meaning The DOM (Document Object Model) is a programming interface that represents an HTML or XML document as a tree structure where each node is an object. In simple words: The DOM connects web pages to programming languages like JavaScript, allowing you to change the page dynamically. Structure of the … Read more
Callbacks, Promises, and async/await Handling asynchronous operations is essential in JavaScript, especially for tasks like fetching data from a server, reading files, or setting timers. JavaScript provides Callbacks, Promises, and async/await to manage asynchronous behavior efficiently. Callbacks A callback is simply a function passed into another function as an argument, which is then invoked inside … Read more
Build an interactive to-do list 1. HTML Structure The HTML will consist of the basic layout for the to-do list. We’ll need an input field, a button to add new tasks, and a list to display the tasks. <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang=”en”> <head> <meta charset=”UTF-8″> <meta name=”viewport” content=”width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0″> <title>To-Do List</title> <link rel=”stylesheet” href=”styles.css”> </head> … Read more
Writing clean and maintainable code Writing clean and maintainable code is essential for creating software that is not only functional but also easy to understand, extend, and debug over time. Here’s a detailed breakdown of how to achieve this: 1. Follow Consistent Naming Conventions Variables and Functions: Use descriptive, meaningful names that convey the purpose … Read more
What is CSS and its role in web development CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a stylesheet language used to control the visual appearance and layout of web pages. It defines how HTML elements are displayed on screen, paper, or in other media. While HTML structures the content, CSS handles the design, enabling developers to create … Read more
Styling text: font-family, font-size, font-weight, text-align In CSS, styling text is one of the core parts of creating visually attractive and readable web pages. The main properties used for text styling include font-family, font-size, font-weight, and text-align. Each controls a different aspect of how text appears to users. 1. font-family (Choosing the Font Type) Definition: … Read more
Element, Class, and ID Selectors In CSS, selectors are patterns used to target specific HTML elements for styling. Three of the most common types of selectors are element selectors, class selectors, and ID selectors. Understanding how they work is essential for controlling which elements get styled and how. 1. Element Selector Definition: The element selector … Read more
Types of positioning: static, relative, absolute, fixed, and sticky CSS positioning controls how elements are placed on a web page. There are five main positioning values—each affecting layout behavior differently. 1. static (Default Positioning) What it is: The default position for all elements. Elements appear in the normal document flow. Key Points: Ignores top, right, … Read more
What is Flexbox? How it works: containers and items Flexbox, short for Flexible Box Layout, is a CSS module that provides a more efficient way to design flexible and responsive layouts by arranging elements in a one-dimensional row or column, even when their size is unknown or dynamic. What Is Flexbox? Flexbox is used to … Read more
Introduction to CSS Grid: grid-template-columns, grid-template-rows CSS Grid is a two-dimensional layout system for the web, enabling developers to build complex responsive layouts with ease. Two of the most foundational properties in CSS Grid are grid-template-columns and grid-template-rows, which define the structure of the grid. What is CSS Grid? CSS Grid allows you to lay … Read more
Principles of responsive design Responsive design is a fundamental approach in modern web development that ensures websites and applications adapt seamlessly to different screen sizes, resolutions, and devices—from smartphones to large desktop monitors. It focuses on delivering an optimal user experience regardless of how users access the content. 1. Fluid Layouts Instead of fixed-width layouts, … Read more
CSS Transitions: transition-property, transition-duration, transition-timing-function CSS Transitions enable you to smoothly animate changes to CSS property values over a specified duration, enhancing the visual interactivity and responsiveness of web interfaces. What Are CSS Transitions? CSS Transitions allow HTML elements to change property values gradually, rather than instantly, when triggered by events like :hover, :focus, or … Read more
CSS Variables (Custom properties): reusable values across stylesheets CSS Variables, also known as custom properties, allow developers to store reusable values in a stylesheet, making CSS easier to maintain, update, and scale across projects. What Are CSS Variables? CSS variables are defined using the — prefix and can hold values like colors, font sizes, spacing, … Read more
Introduction to CSS frameworks: Bootstrap, Tailwind CSS, Bulma CSS frameworks provide predefined styles, utilities, and components that speed up the development process, promote consistency, and help create responsive and modern UI designs with less custom CSS. Let’s explore three popular CSS frameworks: Bootstrap, Tailwind CSS, and Bulma. 1. Bootstrap Bootstrap is a widely-used front-end framework … Read more
Writing clean, modular, and maintainable CSS Clean, modular, and maintainable CSS is essential for building scalable and easy-to-manage web applications. Whether you’re working solo or with a team, well-structured CSS prevents code duplication, improves readability, and simplifies long-term maintenance. 1. Use Meaningful Naming Conventions Avoid vague class names like .blue, .box1, or .main-div. Use semantic … Read more
Latency vs. Throughput In system design and performance engineering, latency and throughput are two key metrics used to measure how well a system performs under different conditions. Though often mentioned together, they represent very different aspects of performance. What is Latency? Latency is the time delay between a request and its corresponding response. It measures … Read more
HTTP/HTTPS What is HTTP? HTTP is the foundational protocol for communication on the World Wide Web, enabling data exchange between browsers (clients) and web servers. How HTTP Works: When a browser sends a request to a server, the server processes it and returns a response—typically HTML, CSS, or JavaScript files. HTTP is stateless, meaning each … Read more
SQL vs. NoSQL Overview: SQL (Structured Query Language) and NoSQL (Not Only SQL) databases are two broad categories of database technologies, each with different structures, use cases, and benefits. SQL Databases Definition: SQL databases are relational databases that use structured schemas with rows and columns. Data is stored in tables, and relationships between data are … Read more
Horizontal vs. vertical scaling Scaling is a core concept in system design used to handle increased load, users, or data by enhancing system capacity. The two primary strategies are horizontal scaling and vertical scaling. Horizontal Scaling (Scaling Out) Definition: Horizontal scaling means adding more machines or nodes to your system to distribute the load. How … Read more
Client-side vs. server-side caching Caching is a technique used to store copies of files or data in locations that are closer to the user, which can help reduce load times and improve performance. Both client-side and server-side caching have distinct uses and advantages. Client-Side Caching Client-side caching refers to storing data in the user’s browser … Read more
Event-driven architecture Overview Event-Driven Architecture (EDA) is a software design pattern in which components communicate by emitting and responding to events, enabling asynchronous interactions and loose coupling between services. Core Concepts Event: A signal that something has happened within a system, such as “user_signed_up” or “item_added_to_cart”. Producer: The service or component that generates and emits … Read more
Designing URL shorteners, file storage, newsfeeds, etc. Designing a URL Shortener Use Case: A URL shortener service converts long URLs into short aliases to make sharing easier and track usage. Core Features: Short link generation Redirection to original URLs Analytics tracking (clicks, sources) Design Considerations: Use of base62 or hash functions to generate short IDs … Read more
Authentication and Authorization Authentication The process of verifying the identity of a user or system. Username and password authentication Multi-factor authentication (MFA) Biometric authentication (fingerprint, facial recognition) OAuth and SSO (Single Sign-On) systems Authorization The process of granting or denying access to resources based on verified identities. Role-based access control (RBAC) Attribute-based access control (ABAC) … Read more
Communication and requirement gathering Definition: Communication and requirement gathering are foundational phases in any software or system design process, where stakeholders, developers, and designers collaborate to identify what the system should achieve. Why It Matters: Ensures alignment between stakeholders and development teams. Helps avoid misunderstandings and scope creep. Sets a clear direction for the design … Read more
What is React and why use it What is React? Definition: React is a free and open-source JavaScript library developed by Facebook for building user interfaces, especially single-page applications (SPAs), where data changes frequently over time. Core Concept: React allows developers to create large web applications that can update and render efficiently in response to … Read more
Functional components and props Functional components are the most common and modern way to build UI in React. They are simple JavaScript functions that return JSX and describe what the UI should look like. Props, short for “properties,” allow data to be passed from a parent component to a child component, making components dynamic and … Read more
Introduction to React Hooks React Hooks are functions that let you use state and other React features in functional components. They were introduced to simplify component logic and eliminate the need for class-based components in most cases. Why Hooks Were Introduced Before Hooks, state and lifecycle features were only available in class components. Hooks allow … Read more
Controlled vs uncontrolled components Controlled and uncontrolled components are two approaches to handling form inputs and user data in React. Understanding their differences is key to managing form state effectively and building predictable user interfaces. What Are Controlled Components Controlled components have their form data managed by React state. The component’s input values are set … Read more
Installing and configuring React Router React Router is a popular library for managing navigation and routing in React applications. It enables developers to create single-page applications (SPAs) with multiple views and URL-based navigation. Installing React Router To start using React Router, you need to install it via npm or yarn. The core package for web … Read more
Lifting State up Lifting state up in React refers to the practice of moving shared state to the closest common ancestor of components that need to access or modify that state. It allows sibling components to communicate and remain synchronized through a shared parent. Why Lift State Up State is often local to a component, … Read more