Semantic tags: <header>, <nav>, <section>, <article>, <footer> Semantic tags in HTML give meaning to the structure of a web page, helping both developers and browsers (including assistive technologies like screen readers) understand the content and layout better. Here’s a breakdown of commonly used semantic tags: 1. <header> – Page or Section Introduction Represents the introductory … Read more
The <head> section: title, meta tags, favicon The <head> element is a crucial part of every HTML document. It contains metadata—information about the page that isn’t directly displayed to users but is essential for browsers, search engines, and other tools. Structure Example: <head> <title>My Website</title> <meta charset=”UTF-8″> <meta name=”description” content=”A simple HTML page.”> <meta name=”viewport” … Read more
Build a portfolio website or resume page Creating a portfolio or resume website is an excellent project to showcase your skills, highlight your experience, and impress potential employers or clients. Here’s a complete breakdown of what to include and how to build it step by step. 1. Basic Structure Start with a clean HTML5 skeleton: … Read more
New input types (date, range, color, etc.) HTML5 introduced several new input types that enhance user experience, improve form validation, and reduce the need for custom JavaScript. These input types allow users to interact with forms more intuitively using browser-native controls. <input type=”date”> – Date Picker Description: Provides a calendar-based date selector. Example: <label for=”dob”>Date … Read more
What is JavaScript? JavaScript is a powerful, high-level programming language that is primarily used to make web pages interactive and dynamic. It is one of the core technologies of the web, alongside HTML and CSS. Definition: JavaScript (often abbreviated as JS) is a scripting language that runs in the browser and allows you to create: … Read more
Variables (let, const, var) 1. What Are Variables? Variables store data values that can be used and manipulated in your code. let name = “Alice”; const age = 30; var city = “Paris”; 2. let – Block-scoped, Reassignable Introduced in ES6 (2015), let is the go-to for variables that can change. let counter = 1; … Read more
Conditional statements (if, else, else if 1. What Are Conditional Statements? Conditional statements allow you to execute code based on conditions — they control flow and logic. if (condition) { // code runs if condition is true } else if (anotherCondition) { // runs if first is false, this is true } else { // … Read more
for, while, and do…while loops Loops allow you to repeat a block of code as long as a condition is true. JavaScript provides several types of loops — each suited for different scenarios. 1. for Loop Best For: When the number of iterations is known Looping through arrays or counters Syntax: for (initialization; condition; increment) … Read more
Function Declaration and Expression Function Declaration A Function Declaration is the traditional way of defining a named function in the main code flow. Syntax: function functionName(parameters) { // code block } Example: function add(a, b) { return a + b; } console.log(add(2, 3)); // Output: 5 Key Features: Named function (like add above). Hoisted: Can … Read more
Creating and modifying arrays What is an Array? An array is a special variable that can hold multiple values at once, organized in an ordered collection. Each value is called an element, and each has a numeric index starting from 0. 1. Creating Arrays Using Square Brackets let fruits = [“apple”, “banana”, “cherry”]; console.log(fruits); // … Read more
What is the DOM? DOM Meaning The DOM (Document Object Model) is a programming interface that represents an HTML or XML document as a tree structure where each node is an object. In simple words: The DOM connects web pages to programming languages like JavaScript, allowing you to change the page dynamically. Structure of the … Read more
Callbacks, Promises, and async/await Handling asynchronous operations is essential in JavaScript, especially for tasks like fetching data from a server, reading files, or setting timers. JavaScript provides Callbacks, Promises, and async/await to manage asynchronous behavior efficiently. Callbacks A callback is simply a function passed into another function as an argument, which is then invoked inside … Read more
Build an interactive to-do list 1. HTML Structure The HTML will consist of the basic layout for the to-do list. We’ll need an input field, a button to add new tasks, and a list to display the tasks. <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang=”en”> <head> <meta charset=”UTF-8″> <meta name=”viewport” content=”width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0″> <title>To-Do List</title> <link rel=”stylesheet” href=”styles.css”> </head> … Read more
Writing clean and maintainable code Writing clean and maintainable code is essential for creating software that is not only functional but also easy to understand, extend, and debug over time. Here’s a detailed breakdown of how to achieve this: 1. Follow Consistent Naming Conventions Variables and Functions: Use descriptive, meaningful names that convey the purpose … Read more
What is CSS and its role in web development CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a stylesheet language used to control the visual appearance and layout of web pages. It defines how HTML elements are displayed on screen, paper, or in other media. While HTML structures the content, CSS handles the design, enabling developers to create … Read more
Styling text: font-family, font-size, font-weight, text-align In CSS, styling text is one of the core parts of creating visually attractive and readable web pages. The main properties used for text styling include font-family, font-size, font-weight, and text-align. Each controls a different aspect of how text appears to users. 1. font-family (Choosing the Font Type) Definition: … Read more
Element, Class, and ID Selectors In CSS, selectors are patterns used to target specific HTML elements for styling. Three of the most common types of selectors are element selectors, class selectors, and ID selectors. Understanding how they work is essential for controlling which elements get styled and how. 1. Element Selector Definition: The element selector … Read more
Types of positioning: static, relative, absolute, fixed, and sticky CSS positioning controls how elements are placed on a web page. There are five main positioning values—each affecting layout behavior differently. 1. static (Default Positioning) What it is: The default position for all elements. Elements appear in the normal document flow. Key Points: Ignores top, right, … Read more
What is Flexbox? How it works: containers and items Flexbox, short for Flexible Box Layout, is a CSS module that provides a more efficient way to design flexible and responsive layouts by arranging elements in a one-dimensional row or column, even when their size is unknown or dynamic. What Is Flexbox? Flexbox is used to … Read more
Introduction to CSS Grid: grid-template-columns, grid-template-rows CSS Grid is a two-dimensional layout system for the web, enabling developers to build complex responsive layouts with ease. Two of the most foundational properties in CSS Grid are grid-template-columns and grid-template-rows, which define the structure of the grid. What is CSS Grid? CSS Grid allows you to lay … Read more
Principles of responsive design Responsive design is a fundamental approach in modern web development that ensures websites and applications adapt seamlessly to different screen sizes, resolutions, and devices—from smartphones to large desktop monitors. It focuses on delivering an optimal user experience regardless of how users access the content. 1. Fluid Layouts Instead of fixed-width layouts, … Read more
CSS Transitions: transition-property, transition-duration, transition-timing-function CSS Transitions enable you to smoothly animate changes to CSS property values over a specified duration, enhancing the visual interactivity and responsiveness of web interfaces. What Are CSS Transitions? CSS Transitions allow HTML elements to change property values gradually, rather than instantly, when triggered by events like :hover, :focus, or … Read more
CSS Variables (Custom properties): reusable values across stylesheets CSS Variables, also known as custom properties, allow developers to store reusable values in a stylesheet, making CSS easier to maintain, update, and scale across projects. What Are CSS Variables? CSS variables are defined using the — prefix and can hold values like colors, font sizes, spacing, … Read more
Introduction to CSS frameworks: Bootstrap, Tailwind CSS, Bulma CSS frameworks provide predefined styles, utilities, and components that speed up the development process, promote consistency, and help create responsive and modern UI designs with less custom CSS. Let’s explore three popular CSS frameworks: Bootstrap, Tailwind CSS, and Bulma. 1. Bootstrap Bootstrap is a widely-used front-end framework … Read more
Writing clean, modular, and maintainable CSS Clean, modular, and maintainable CSS is essential for building scalable and easy-to-manage web applications. Whether you’re working solo or with a team, well-structured CSS prevents code duplication, improves readability, and simplifies long-term maintenance. 1. Use Meaningful Naming Conventions Avoid vague class names like .blue, .box1, or .main-div. Use semantic … Read more
What is System Design? System design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data flow for a complex software system to meet specific functional and non-functional requirements. It involves planning how different parts of a system interact, scale, maintain reliability, and perform efficiently under load. Key Aspects of System Design Scalability … Read more
Latency vs. Throughput In system design and performance engineering, latency and throughput are two key metrics used to measure how well a system performs under different conditions. Though often mentioned together, they represent very different aspects of performance. What is Latency? Latency is the time delay between a request and its corresponding response. It measures … Read more
HTTP/HTTPS What is HTTP? HTTP is the foundational protocol for communication on the World Wide Web, enabling data exchange between browsers (clients) and web servers. How HTTP Works: When a browser sends a request to a server, the server processes it and returns a response—typically HTML, CSS, or JavaScript files. HTTP is stateless, meaning each … Read more
SQL vs. NoSQL Overview: SQL (Structured Query Language) and NoSQL (Not Only SQL) databases are two broad categories of database technologies, each with different structures, use cases, and benefits. SQL Databases Definition: SQL databases are relational databases that use structured schemas with rows and columns. Data is stored in tables, and relationships between data are … Read more
Horizontal vs. vertical scaling Scaling is a core concept in system design used to handle increased load, users, or data by enhancing system capacity. The two primary strategies are horizontal scaling and vertical scaling. Horizontal Scaling (Scaling Out) Definition: Horizontal scaling means adding more machines or nodes to your system to distribute the load. How … Read more